DiscussionIn comparison to many other types of poetry in the early Persian literary works, a very limited number of Quatrains were recorded, where they are referred to as ‘Fahlavi’,‘Tarāne’,‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’. In the following section, the reasons that these names are allocated to these Quatrains are explained.

Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semit

One of the distinctive aspects of Iranian local cultures is the local poems that are composed and sung in the local dialect. Even though they are different from formal literature, these poems are well known among tribes. Long and nostalgic poems are a new phenomenon in local poetry which emerged in the second half of the 19th century in different Iranian tribes. These poems, which mostly reflect the pre-modern age of Pahlavi, are indicators of nostalgia and sad loneliness among local poets and Iranian tribes. In this article, the nostalgic aspects of 40 recognized poems are analyzed. This analysis shows that the return to infancy or nature is the major feature of nostalgia in such poems, and the local poets try to revive the collective memo

Feminist movement was established with the aim of defending women rights and has undergone many changes. The position of the family and other related discussions are among the issues of central concern to the feminists. Extreme feminists with their devaluing views of marital relationships, valid marriages, having children, marital commitment, etc., can endanger family stability especially in the modern world. In the meantime, through the creation of the fictional works with extreme approaches, the feminist writers have spread devaluing views about family and marital issues among their readers. Adopting a pathological approach, the present paper seeks to explore two of the feministic fictional works particularly associated with the position

In Persian and Arabic poetry, both classical and modern, the use of rhetoric to communicate the concepts and meanings applied by the poet is very tangible, because what makes a text literary and poetic is its rhetorical aspects. Nima Yooshij?and Nazik al-Malaika, as the founders of free-verse poetry in Persian and Arabic literature, used the elements of rhetoric to highlight the themes of their poems and make them more influential. These two poets occasionally gave sermons and advice in their poetry. This article investigates the use of semantics in creating the theme of sermon and advice in the poetry of these two poets. Among the most important elements of rhetoric employed to give sermons, one may point to semantic elements. Drawing comp

Fictional works comprise a field the feminists take advantage of to express women's problems and concerns. Wherever there is a trace of women, feminism has challenged and cast doubt on many norms, traditions, and the dos and don'ts. Expressing women problems, some woman-oriented fictional works have also had negative effects; for these works view family, marriage, and marital relationships from an anti-value point. This is while the value of family as a small but much influential institute in providing mental health and peace for the family members and meeting their emotional needs has been ignored. The present paper tries to offer a critical analysis of family damages through studying a few feminist fictional works, using the pathological

The interaction between literatures among nations is examined through the common concepts and interinfluence of poets in literary works in the field of comparative literature. Part of contemporary poetry in todays society is based on social life, and the interinfluence of poetic hypertexts in the social, political and economic environments prominent to society.Shamlu, Paul ?luard and Hughes are the poets who have done poetry from three distinct cultures and in a common century, in different geographical settings, of course. The main fields of the poetry of these three were influenced by social life and during a period of their poetry life, they tended to the left ideology and these tendencies have created common themes in their poems. Theme

The present paper studies through a sociological approach the women-oriented literary studies (research papers, books, theses, and dissertations) in the field of contemporary fiction from ۱۳۰۰ to ۱۳۹۴. An attempt has also been made to conduct a critical analysis, by examining and providing tables and charts, of research annals, their increasing trend, popular works and writers, researcherschr ('39') genders, and research approaches. The findings demonstrate that social factors increased the researcherschr ('39') tendency toward studying the woman-based fiction from late ۱۳۸۰ s. Simin Daneshvar, Zoya Pirzad, and the novels Savushun and I Will Turn Off the Lights have attracted the most researcherschr ('39') attention, and the num