Department of Philosophy and Logic (1987 - Present)
Philosophy - Logic (philosophical logic)
, Tarbiat Modares University,
philosophy
, Tarbiat Modares University,
theoretical economics
, Tehran university,
Davison has two famous articles against conventionalism. The core of his argument is to scrutinize erroneous but successful conversations which happen in language occasionally and conventional meaning cannot explain how the speaker and the listener understand each other in these cases. However, his premises are not clear and it makes it difficult to study and criticize his main point. We believe there are at least five premises such as: 1) The listener comprehends the words the speaker has said in their conventional meaning; 2) If the conversation is successful then the listener has understood the words and sentences in their general first meaning; 3) Sometimes the conversation is successful although there are some misuse of words; 4) In th
In this study, we shall assess the claim concerning the negative effect of sin and positive effect of grace on proper function of reason and cognitive faculties through the lens of the Calvinist tradition and the Reformed Epistemology. Although the noetic effect of sin has already been discussed probably by tracing the role of the non-epistemic factors in acquiring knowledge in general, approaching the issue by focusing on ‘scientific knowledge’ is novel and, to the best of my knowledge, has not been attempted before. This study will be developed by means of an evaluation of Stephen Moroney’s project. Through a critical survey of the views of a number of prominent Christian theologian, he tries to develop a model for the cognitive inf
It is widely supposed that methodological naturalism, understood as a thesis about the methodology of science, is metaphysically neutral, and that this in turn guarantees the value-neutrality of science. In this paper we argue that methodological naturalism is underpinned by certain ontological and epistemological assumptions including evidentialism and the causal closure of the physical, adoption of which necessitates commitment to metaphysical naturalism.
Future Contingency has been an old debate between philosophers throughout history. On one hand, Aristotle thinks events of the future happen contingently. On the other hand, Diodorus believes what happens in the future is now determined. Diodorus has presented an argument for determinism based on a few premises. Logicians and philosophers try to avoid determinism by denying the first premise of Diodorus, which is the necessity of the past. However, they only regard a qualified version of this premise based on the medieval argument for determinism while some other philosophers consider this premise in a general way. A new argument shall be presented in this paper for determinism similar to the medieval one based on the general version of the
The uninorm logic UL is a fuzzy, substructural and semi-relevant logic. The Gentzen-style system for UL is obtained by removing the contraction rules and weakening from the Gentzen-style system of Godel fuzzy logic. The UL lacks "excluded middle", "positive paradox" and "negative paradox". The truth function of uninorm is a relevance weakening of the t-norm function. In this article, we introduce the new logic ULΔ. ULΔ is obtained by adding Δ to UL. ULΔ, an expansion of classical logic, is a normal semilinear modal logic; i.e. it is strongly sound and complete w.r.t. a linearly ordered algebra. And with the theorem of (p→q)∨Δ(q→p) it is distinguished from other standard systems of modal logic. Δφ is intuitively interpreted as "
Inconsistency of methodological naturalism and religious beliefs has been the most important reason for theists to oppose methodological naturalism. But some philosophers defend methodological naturalism based on their theological dispositions. They believe that theological motivations can lead to a naturalistic methodology. In this paper we review and criticize two prominent types of these arguments and show their deficiencies: First we review arguments which concentrate on difficulties of" Divine Action" problem. According to them rejecting methodological naturalism leads to God of Gaps theology which is awkward and non-religious. Secondly we discuss arguments which aim to prove that supernatural entities could not be described via limite
Extended Abstract?? ?? Introduction In science of Logic, a science subject include thing that in this the science will be discussed of conditions and accidents the essential and it’s immediate. Accidents the essential to those attributes of things and phenomena is said that directly arises from the essence of the phenomenon or things and in its existence not need no intermediary. Though relying on the “subject” for the definition and classification of sciences contain of ancient and long history, but it should be noted that the application of this criteria is not effective for defining all the Sciences; because the definition a science based on subject, when possible that first, the science Intended been components the real sciences a
Introduction Discovering theories and laws explaining the patterns and behaviors of natural and human world is one of the main goals of science. In social science realm, there have been two antagonist and different approaches about law of these sciences. Some schools based on realistic approach have insisted on assimilation of the natural and human sciences on the contrary idealistic school. Given humanism, we consider social science different from natural science and the similarity between the laws of social natural sciences. This issue in geography is also from those disputable issues that has already been the subject of many disputations among different geographical schools. Some of the theories in the geography are environmentalism and
The logical constants are defined by operational rules in the inferentialism theory of meaning. Arthur Prior’s counterexample (Tonk) makes a major challenge for the inferentialism. He shows that every arbitrary operational rule can describe a logical constant and this makes logical constants defective and incompatible with the system. In response to this problem, Belnap Offers conservativeness and uniqueness requirements for the operational rules. In this paper, we have evaluated the conservativeness requirement. The main question investigated is “how the conservativeness as a criterion provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for logical constant definition?” The hypothesis that we are to establish is the inability to achieve
The argument based on the existence of evil in the world, as an atheistic argument against the existence of God, has two versions: logical and evidential. In this article, we have merely dealt with the first version that attempts to prove a logical inconsistency in the theists’ set of beliefs. Many hold that the traditional logical problem of evil has found a definite answer through Plantinga’s free will defense. However, in recent years, John Schellenberg has claimed a new logical problem of evil. He holds that Plantinga’s free will defense would not refute this new version. In the present paper, without any concern for fully criticizing Schellenberg’s new problem of evil and without any intent for completely representing Plantinga
Contextualism is the main opponent of minimalism. The debate between these two semantical approaches, stem in an old fashion dispute to determine the border between semantics and pragmatics. Contextualists claim that the sentences in the natural language are not truth-evaluable before being enriched pragmatically. In contrast, in minimalists’ viewpoint, there is a minimal semantic content that provides the truth-evaluable meaning of sentences in a way that context of utterance has limited effects on it. This contrast is based on the way and extent to which context affects semantic content. In this paper, after introducing these two approaches, the main arguments of contextualists against minimalist are discussed, then we show that minimal
According to the dominant methodology of contemporary analytic philosophy, philosophical intuitions play evidential roles for or against philosophical theories. However, intuitions can play the supposed role successfully only if they are justified. Phenomenalism, as one of the proposed theories that aim to explain and argue for justifiedness of intuitions, claim that intuitions are justified because they have a certain phenomenal character: Intuitive contents seem to be true. Furthermore, it argues that sensory perception has similar phenomenal character, in virtue of which it is justified. This analogy confirms the justifiedness of intuitions. In this article, however, we argue that there is at least one another epistemological feature of
The establishment of new Isfahan by Shah Abbas was the climax of Safavid architecture. Isfahan wasn’ta new built Islamic city. Actually new capital was constructed beside the ancient city by safavid monarchs aimed to show the glory and Victory of Shiite Islam as opposed to Ottoman dynasty’s capital city. Safavid developed the city Space and added new urban areas to previous one, but new development was aimed to exhibit a great vision of Shiite capital that show both the religious belief and the power of Safavid Dynasty. The main part of new development is Naghsh e Jahan square as the greatest example of Persian Architecture in which the most important public buildings organized around the square: on one side stands the Shah› s mosque,
This paper addresses the differences between the two terms,“existence” and “existent”, in the framework of “indirect reference theory” and tries to answer whether or not the proposition “Existence is existent” is an analytical one. The research shows that on the vocabulary level, none of the two has any additional presentation to the other. Also, when by “existence” we mean “nominal existence”, their two referents are the same. But, on the sense level, ie, the mode of presentation or grasping the referent,“existence” and “existent” are different, and, so, the proposition “Existence is existent” cannot not be an analytical one. But, when “existence” refers to “the necessary existence”, the senses a
Gentzen divides rules of logical system into ‘operational rules’ and ‘structural rules’. By operational rules she means the rules of introduction and elimination of a logical constant. Structural rules represent the fundamental (structural) characteristics of an argument in such a way that any change in them causes changing in the whole system. In his works, Gentzen mentions that the meaning of logical constants can be achieved only through operational rules. This point is the infrastructure of inferentialism approach on meaningfulness of logical constants. Christopher Peacocke criticizes the basis of inferentialism approach. He believes that all structural and operational rules should be considered as the definition of logical cons
Kosta Došen presented the meaningful Inferentialism from the logical constants based on the structural rules in the Logical constants as punctuations marks paper. Having mentioned the difference between analysis and definition, he argues that structural rules merely make an analysis of logical constants, not the definition. Since, the definition should meet the conditions of analysis as well as two Pascal's condition and Conservativeness. The Pascal's condition will not be met in logical constants. In this study, the conditions of analysis and definition are studies. In addition, it is shown that if the conditions related to the analysis and definition were accepted, not only the Inferentialism cannot provide a definition for logical const
Tabatabaei's view about the relationship between religion and philosophy can be considered in two stages: formation and understanding. He introduces revelation as an unknown method. Therefore, the methodological relation between religion and philosophy cannot be explained well. To provide its content, scripture uses a common language which is conventional. Besides, religion has reached its summit later than philosophy. The relationship between religion and philosophy in the understanding stage in Tabatabaei's view is based on interpretation of Quran by Quran. This method of interpretation can be used for completion of philosophy that all its theorems are rooted in Monotheism.
The relationship between religion and philosophy as knowledge systems and study of their interactions has always been an important issue in religious and philosophical thought that has a large influence in clarifying the meaning of religious philosophy. Islamic philosophers’ views on this issue can be investigated in a uniform pattern. Based on this pattern, each philosopher studies the relationship between religion and philosophy in two stages: creation and understanding. Each philosopher, according to his views about the relationship between religion and philosophy in the creation stage, describes how to transmit the religious doctrines into philosophy. Mulla Sadra's view about the relationship between religion and philosophy can be con
no record found