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Tolerance to salinity is a complex genetic trait including numerous physiological processes, such as metabolic pathways and gene networks; thereby, identification of genes indirectly affecting, as well as those directly influencing, is of utmost importance. In this study, we identified and elucidated the functional characterization of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes, as two novel purple acid phosphatases associated with high-salt tolerance in NaCl-stressed conditions. Here, the overexpression of both genes enhanced the expression level of AtSOS1, AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtHKT1, AtVPV1, and AtNHX1 genes, involving in the K+/Na+ homeostasis pathway. The improved expression of the genes led to facilitating intracellular Na+ homeostasis and decreasing the io
Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family that is endemic to the mountainous areas in Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. The effects of induced polyploidy as well as the effect of methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation on the root production of thebaine and on the expression of five alkaloid biosynthesis related genes were studied. The in vitro tetraploidy induction caused a significant increased expression of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) and salutaridinol (SAT), and a significant decreased expression of berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the leaves. In the root tissues, the BBE, NCS, and SAT showed an increased expr
Pears (Pyrus spp.) mainly are divided into two main groups of Asian and European species with a wide diversity or similarity in fruit and morphological traits. In this study, flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the genome size of 37 cultivars and genotypes of Asian, European, and Iranian indigenous pears. Besides, the relationship between cytological and morphological traits was investigated for the first time. Morphological traits were measured based on the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptor. There were positive relationships between genome size, the fruit pedicel length, and the length to fruit diameter ratio. Although, as the genome size was increased, the fruit diameter and size were
Papaver bracteatum Lindl. grows as a wild perennial medicinal plant in Northern Iran and is known mainly for its high amounts of the pharmaceutically valuable alkaloid of thebaine. In vitro production of tetraploid P. bracteatum through colchicine treatment of imbibed seeds is reported. Resulted tetraploid and mixoploid plants were effectively identified by chromosome counting and flow cytometry technique. The chromosome number in diploid and successfully induced tetraploids were confirmed to be 2n= 2x= 14 and 2n= 4x= 28, where their calculated 2C DNA values were 6.15?0.03 and 11.95?0.07 pg, respectively. The highest induction efficiency was obtained by colchicine concentration of 0.05% and the treatment duration of 24 h. The effects of col
Alliinase is the key enzyme in allicin biosynthesis pathway. In the current study, the identification and sequencing of alliinase genes along with determination of allicin contents were reported for Allium species with a novel report for Iranian endemic species. The presence of different isoforms in the Allium being discovered for the first time. In bulbs tissue, the highest allicin concentration was in Allium sativum, A. umbilicatum, and A. fistolosum (1.185%, 0.367%, and 0.34%, respectively), followed by A. spititatum (0.072%), A. lenkoranicum (0.055%), A. atroviolaseum (0.36%), A. rubellum (0.041%), and A. stamineum (0.007%). The highest allicin content in the leaves and roots were in A. sativum (0.13%), and A. stamineum (0.195%), respec
Introduction: Festuca species grow in Iran and widespread occurrence of polyploidy has an important role in the evolution of this group. Festuca arundinacea belong to the grass family and include different species that used as forage, turf grass and for soil conservation. The aim of this work was the study of changing in DNA content morphological and phenological traits in different genotypes of F. arundinacea which collected from different regions. Material and Methods: This experiment was conducted using a complete block design with 3 replications. Genetic parameters were estimated for all traits including Day to head emergence, Flowering date, Plant height, Number of. stem per plant, Spike length, 1000-seed weight, Germination percentage
Persian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family that is endemic to the mountainous areas in Northern Iran. It is known for high amounts of the valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloid thebaine. The effects of induced polyploidy as well as the effect of methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation on the root production of thebaine and on the expression of five alkaloid biosynthesis related genes were studied. The in vitro tetraploidy induction caused a significant increased expression of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) and salutaridinol (SAT), and a significant decreased expression of berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) in the leaves. In the root tissues, the BBE, NCS, and SAT showed an increased expr
Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L., Brassicaceae) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables which is widely used, and has also various medicinal properties and industrial usage. Small and very delicate leaves of this short period and fast growing species cause lots of crop losses along production to consumption; so it was supposed that increase in thickness and size of the leaves via induction of polyploidy possibly will improve post-harvest quality. Primary trial proved that seed treatments, via immersion of dry and wet seeds in different concentrations and durations of colchicine, were completely ineffective. Thereafter dropping method was conducted on apical bud of cotyledon and two true leaf stages with different concentra
Artemisinin is an efficient anti-malarial drug and it possesses biological activity against a wide range of cancers. The combined application of two different elicitors can be an efficient way to increase the production of secondary metabolite in plant cell cultures. The results of coronatine (Cor) pretreatment and three concentrations of sorbitol were assessed on the growth, biochemical traits, expression of artemisinin biosynthetic genes, and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua cell suspension culture (CSC). After pretreating CSC with 0.05??M Cor [on the 14th day (three days before the stationary phase) for 48?h], liquid medium in the culture flasks was decanted and replaced with fresh medium (containing 30?g/L sucrose)
Papaver bracteatum, belonging to Papaveraceae, is considered to be a primary ingredient in the production of codeine and anti-drug drugs (e.g., naloxone and Naltrexone) without the involvement of morphine. For polyploidy induction, papaver seedlings were treated with various colchicine concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% w/v) in three time durations (24, 48 and 72?h). The effects of polyploidy induction on morphological, physiological, alkaloid production and gene expression levels in the pathway of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were analyzed. High rates of seedling survival were observed at lower colchicine concentrations (0.05 and 0.1% w/v) versus higher concentrations (0.2 and 0.5% w/v). The best polyploidy treatment
Iranian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) is one of the medicinal plants belonging to the Papaveraceae family, which is widely used in pharmaceutical industries due to the presence of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids. The polyploidy induction is one of the most interesting issues in the breeding and biotechnology of medicinal plants. In this study, colchicine treatment was carried out in five concentrations (0, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 5) and three duration times (24, 48, 72 hours) with three replications as a factorial in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions, which aimed at studying morphological and phytochemical changes in polyploid plants and comparing them with diploid ones. The Microscopic, morphological and chromos
The present research aimed to study some biological parameters of Alosa caspia Caspian Sea in the southeast Mazandaran Province in 2014-2015. A total of 600 samples were examined during this period and data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the mean fork length and total weight of A. caspia was 24.22?54.2 cm and 167.63?63.59 g, respectively, and the length and weight relationship were as W= 0.0558 FL 2.68 R2= 0.825 for females and W= 0.0553 FL 2.65 R2= 0.825 for males. The results also showed that the age structure of the fish was about 1-5 years old, with the age group of 2 years (with a mean length of 25 cm and an average weight of 190 g), the most frequent (47%). The female sex ratio of male to female was 1: 2. A
Introduction: The genus Arnica L. comprises of 32 species predominantly confined to the boreal and montane region of the northern hemisphere. Arnica species are rhizomatous perennial herbs belonging to the daisy family, with simple or branched stems bearing opposite leaves, and large, single or cymose heads of yellow flowers. A. chamissonis is distributed over North America from Alaska to New Mexico, and due to its low ecological demand it is easier to cultivate than A. montana. Arnica is a source of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolic acids and exhibits antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antibacterial, anti-sclerotic, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. The flower heads and other parts
Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the Asteraceae family and endemic to north America and Canada. Inducing genetic mutation is a practical approach to increase genetic diversity for breeding purposes. Effect of different gamma radiation doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 gray) on seed germination and seedling growth of A chamissonis (e. g. plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, speed and mean, seedling vigor, plumule fresh and dry weight, rootlet fresh and dry weight was measured and the proper dose for mutation induction was assessed. Gamma radiation caused significant effect on parameters such as plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor, r