access deny [1301]
access deny [1026]
Today, programs related to" Control of Pharmaceuticals Supply Chain" have become essential and severe punishment has been anticipated to protect these programs. The experience of industrialized countries and leading countries in the field of medicine suggests that the" optimal supply chain control system" is a system based on intelligent logistic design and control so that the transparency of all processes of supplying, producing, importing, distributing, supplying, buying and selling, Storage and transportation can be guaranteed In this control system, there is no chance for" internal violation"(violation of internal rules) or" off-site abuse"(out-of-system activity). Today, both types of violations, along with a series of impediments (aim
see more details is one of the most expensive spices and natural colors used in various food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In recent years, a family of enzymes enzymes Subject Category: Chemicals and Chemical Groups
One of the theories in the field of criminology of women is Madonna-whore. The basis of this theory is that women have an important role as a mother and a wife during their lives. Conducting a behavior contrary to the mentioned role will prevent them from doing their traditional roles. As a result, they are worthy of condemnation. Sexual crimes are in conflict with the fundamental role of women. Therefore, when they are accused of such crimes, they will be treated severely by the criminal justice system. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and by conducting interviews, tries to examine some of the obstacles of access to justice for women accused of sexual offenses in the criminal process. The results show that compared to men,
Realization of social justice is one of the obligations of states. The government promises to citizenships to realize it. Reduction of inequality, income inequality and creation of equal opportunities and facilities are afforded to the government support the poor, prevent from social isolation and criminal behaviors. Nowadays, we are seeing that many of the politicians neither proceed in eradication of poverty and elimination of illegal discrimination nor recognition of fundamental human rights. They assume underclass and the poor as threatening of political and social order. Politicization of crime and social ills, dominance of conservative thoughts on political system and hegemony of neoliberal thoughts on economic system, new right crimi
The typically covered prison’s nature in the one side, and in the perspective of authorities of these settings, insignificance or at least being low importance of people held within there in other side, creates some type of sense of immunity that sometimes expose the basic rights of detainees in an irrecoverable risk. Lack of an independent mechanism of oversight of prison/custody as well as inmates’ complaints, led to expansion of natural tendency of these settings to remain at anonymity and non-transparency. On the contrary, trying for transparency and accountability of prisons’ authorities through regular & independent oversight of their treatment with detainees, decrease the risk of power misuse in this settings, use of force with
People are actual victims of crimes against public interest, undoubted criminal protection of public interest is an instance of People protection. However victimization in crimes against public interest is one of the theoretical and practical controversial issues and damages caused victimization are not easily recognized and compensated. Becuse on one hand these crimes effects are appeared after passing a long time (9-14) and generally they are without immediate victims and on the other hand its not possible to determine the valnerable people and harms caused by any of them can affect each citizen by dis pertion In the community. These obstacles not only make diffiicult prosecution for obtaining casual relationship and offensive faults but
Background and Objectives: Interrogation of the defendants is the center of gravity of preliminary research. Considering the necessity of supporting the principle of innocence and preserving human dignity in the process of fair trial, the main lines of the rights of defense for individuals (including the right to remain silent and access to a lawyer) during the interrogation (both global and regional) have been identified at this stage as per international human rights documents. Hence, the recognition of these constructive and strategic principles governing the fair trial, either from the point of view of the specific or common features of these principles or from the point of view of recognizing the bases governing them, is the starting p
The obviation rule is the most applied rule in penal jurisprudential rules and plays a significant role in the scope of specified punishments (Hudud) and other punishments. The rule significance-which coincides to global criterion of human rights, the principle of human dignity, and guarantees the fair trial-explains that whenever the committing crime, the attribution of crime to the defendant or existence of other circumstances in proving the charge lies in doubt, the judge must interpret the laws in favor of the defendants.In this article, moreover explaining the legal foundations and jurisprudential predicates of the rule, the definitions and the criterion of doubt is also studied to draw a framework for the rule. The legislator in Islam
Buy and sell of foreign currency is one of the banking operations and the Central Bank is responsible for formulating and setting its regulations, as well as monitoring their implementation. The essential criminal laws supporting exchange policies are; the Monetary and Banking law of the country approved 09/07/1972, the punishment of the disarrangers of country’s economic system approved 10/12/1990, the regulation law of the non-monetary market approved 11/1/2005, as well as the anti-smuggling of goods and currency, approved 24/12/2013. In this study, we investigate these rules and answer the question by the descriptive and analytical method that whether the criminal legislator’s intervention in the protection of the government communic
Nowadays, pregnancy caused by the rape, is a crucial and complicated subject in Iranian Society which despite its’ undeniable importance, has not paid enough attention to it legally by the policy makers. In fact, this social problem has considered as aside and insignificant matter. The lack of legislation in this era, has forced the female victims to illegal abortion; this coercion caused serious injuries to them (even death) and social damages.
Hostage-taking as a crime with the aim of forcing a third party to commit or omit to do something has been of interest to criminals. The need to deal with this crime because of its domestic and international consequences has led to more attention of criminal legal systems to deal with it at the national and international level. The criminalization of such deed in the statute of International Criminal Court (1998) as one of the examples of war crimes is an indicator of the depth of concern of international community about the given crime. Convention against taking a hostage (1979), as the most important document tailored for this crime, has obliged the member countries to impose criminal sanctions for the perpetrators of this crime. Accordin
According to Social Constructionist Theory, The Reality of everyday life, is the result of objectivations of subjective processes that are maintained by Linguistic significations and are reflected by Discourses. Therefore, the social realities are the product of Language and in other words, are constructed by Discourses. Crime also like other social realities is constructed similarly. So, change in Discourses, leads change in constructed Phenomenon including crimes and criminal laws. In this article, by adopting such an approach to Criminal legislative process and by using content analysis and discourse analysis method, the law of “Publication and free access to information”, has been studied. Results of research show the capability of
The criminal code of disrupters in the economic system of the country to confront economic offenders is codified in 1369 by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami). Clause “h” of Article1 of this law has criminalized accepting deposit of persons leading to waste of people’s property or Intervention in Economic System. The conditions for occurring this crime, the conditions for inclusion of the title of disturbing peace and order in the land (fassad fil-arz) for the conducts of perpetrators and numerous abstract of the mentioned title with the offensive titles such as fraud and illegal bank activities has doubts which it requires a critical and comprehensive analysis. This note is going to answer this principal que
Criminal liability of the legal person in term of capacity to bear the penal consequences of the criminal behavior makes it possible to assume them as the subject of criminal law, including fines proportionate to the crimes' nature. Fine is justified when criminal law goals are met and realized. The criminal systems have adopted and attempted various strategies for this purpose. Following the practice of the French panel law, the Iranian lawmaker has adopted the strategy of making the fines 3 to 6 times or 2 to 4 times for legal persons, concerning the cyber-crimes and other crimes, respectively. The United States criminal law applies five stages to determine guilt score and risk degree; and specifies the related punishments for the legal p